Therapeutic Techniques for Seniors With Speech and Language Deficits

Unlocking Communication Potential in Seniors

As individuals age, many face challenges related to speech, language, and swallowing. These deficits can significantly impact independence, social interactions, and overall well-being. Fortunately, a variety of therapeutic techniques tailored to seniors' unique needs can help restore and improve communication abilities. This article explores the comprehensive approaches, benefits, and roles of professionals involved in speech and language therapy for the elderly.

Overview of Therapeutic Techniques for Seniors

What is the overview of therapeutic techniques suitable for seniors with speech and language deficits?

Speech therapy for seniors employs a variety of individualized strategies aimed at improving communication skills affected by aging or neurological conditions. Since each person's needs can differ greatly, therapists customize treatment plans to target specific deficits.

A primary component of these techniques involves speech exercises that strengthen the vocal cords and improve articulation. These exercises might include repeating words slowly and distinctly, practicing sustained vowels, or using pitch glides to enhance vocal quality and volume. Vocal hygiene practices, such as hydration and gentle phonation exercises, are also encouraged to maintain vocal health.

Language therapy focuses on rebuilding and sustaining language skills that may decline due to conditions like stroke, dementia, or aphasia. Techniques include naming exercises, sentence formulation tasks, and visual association strategies to aid comprehension and expression.

Assistive communication devices form an important part of therapy, especially for seniors unable to speak clearly or at all. Devices like communication boards, speech-generating apps, or simple gestures can significantly enhance interaction.

Muscle-strengthening and breathing exercises are often incorporated to improve speech control and support safe swallowing. For example, therapies like Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD) target vocal loudness by training expiratory muscles, while diaphragmatic breathing techniques help support voice production.

Cognitive-communication approaches are used to address issues like attention deficits, memory impairments, and problem-solving difficulties. Activities may include memory enhancement strategies, executive function training, and group therapy sessions aimed at promoting social interaction.

Furthermore, interventions are tailored based on the underlying condition. For example, post-stroke therapy might involve addressing aphasia with repetition and visual tasks, whereas dysarthria resulting from Parkinson's disease could focus on improving breathing, lip and tongue movements, and speech pacing.

Overall, these therapies aim not only to enhance speech clarity and language processing but also to boost confidence, promote independence, and ensure safety during swallowing. The variety and personalization of these techniques reflect the complex needs of aging individuals and those with neurological impairments.

Technique Category	Specific Methods	Intended Outcomes	Additional Notes
Speech exercises	Articulation drills, pitch gliding, sustained phonation	Improved voice quality, clarity, volume	Includes vocal warm-ups like lip trills and humming
Language therapy	Naming tasks, sentence production, visual cues	Better understanding, word retrieval	Used heavily in aphasia and dementia care
Assistive devices	Communication boards, speech-generating devices	Enhanced communication ability	Particularly useful for severe speech impairments
Breathing & Muscle training	Diaphragmatic breathing, EMST	Support vocal strength, safe swallowing	Often combined with voice therapy techniques
Cognitive approaches	Memory games, attention exercises	Improved cognitive-communication skills	Tailored to individual cognitive profiles
Condition-specific	Techniques for stroke, Parkinson's, TBI	Targeted recovery based on diagnosis	Ensures maximal functional gains

These diverse strategies underscore the importance of a comprehensive, customized approach in speech therapy for aging adults, aiming to restore and maintain vital communication abilities.

Common Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders in Aging Adults

What are the common speech and language disorders in aging adults, and what are the treatment options?

As individuals grow older, they may face a variety of challenges related to speech, language, and swallowing. Common disorders include aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, voice disorders, stuttering, and difficulties in swallowing known as dysphagia. These conditions can significantly impact daily communication, social participation, and overall quality of life.

Aphasia is a language impairment often caused by stroke or brain injury, affecting the ability to produce or understand speech and language. Dysarthria involves weakened speech muscles, leading to slurred or slow speech, frequently associated with neurological diseases like Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis. Apraxia affects motor planning for speech, making it difficult to coordinate movements necessary for speech production.

Voice disorders, such as hoarseness or pitch changes, may also occur, often due to aging vocal cords or neurological conditions. Stuttering, though less common, can persist or emerge in older age, impacting fluency and communication comfort. Swallowing issues, or dysphagia, create safety hazards like choking and nutritional problems.

Many of these disorders stem from neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, or aging-related brain changes. The aging process itself can lead to natural voice and speech changes, including reduced vocal strength, slower speech, and decreased clarity.

To address these issues, speech-language pathologists develop personalized treatment plans. These plans may involve exercises to strengthen speech muscles, improve coordination, and enhance fluency. Techniques such as vocal exercises strengthen the vocal cords, while coordination drills help improve the timing of muscle movements involved in speech.

When necessary, alternative communication methods are introduced. These include gestures, visual aids, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices like communication boards or speech-generating technology. These tools support effective communication for individuals with severe speech or language impairments.

Therapies are tailored to each person’s unique needs, diagnosis, and treatment goals. For example, post-stroke patients might focus on relearning words and sentence structures, while individuals with Parkinson’s may work on voice loudness and pitch. Cognitive-communication therapy can also support memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

Overall, early and ongoing intervention can greatly improve communication abilities. This enhances independence, social engagement, safety during eating and drinking, and emotional well-being.

Disorder Type	Common Causes	Treatment Focus	Techniques Used
Aphasia	Stroke, brain injury	Language restoration, comprehension improvement	Repetition exercises, visual aids, speech drills
Dysarthria	Neurological diseases, aging	Muscle strength, coordination, speech clarity	Articulation exercises, breathing exercises, biofeedback
Apraxia	Stroke, brain injury	Motor planning, speech sequencing	Repetitive practice, mimicry, cueing strategies
Voice Disorders	Vocal overuse, aging, neurological issues	Vocal fold strength, pitch control	Vocal exercises, voice therapy, LSVT LOUD
Stuttering	Developmental or neurological factors	Fluency, reduce anxiety	Fluency shaping, delayed auditory feedback, cognitive-behavioral therapy
Dysphagia (Swallowing)	Stroke, Parkinson’s, aging, head injury	Safe swallowing, diet management	Muscle exercises, postural adjustments, diet modifications

How do individual assessments guide therapy?

Each older adult undergoes a comprehensive evaluation before beginning therapy. Speech-language pathologists analyze speech, language, cognition, and swallowing functions to identify specific deficits.

Based on the evaluation, tailored therapy strategies are designed. For instance, some may need strengthening exercises for vocal cords, while others require speech fluency techniques or cognitive-linguistic tasks.

Personalized treatment plans set clear goals, such as improving word retrieval or safe swallowing, and select appropriate techniques. Continuous monitoring ensures the therapy adapts to progress or emerging needs.

What are some innovative approaches used in therapy?

Advances in therapy include techniques like Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD) for voice improvement, Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) for language recovery, and PROMPT for speech motor control.

Other tools include electronic stimulation, software-based exercises, and assistive communication devices. These innovations expand options when traditional therapy alone isn't sufficient.

Therapy Technique	Purpose	Example Activities	Suitable Conditions
LSVT LOUD	Voice strength and volume enhancement	Loud speaking exercises, sustained vowels	Parkinson’s disease
MIT	Language and speech rhythm improvement	Singing phrases, melodic intonation work	Aphasia, stroke recovery
PROMPT	Motor speech planning	Tactile cues, guided articulation practice	Apraxia, speech motor issues
Electronic Stimulation	Muscle activation	Electrical stimulation of laryngeal muscles	Dysphonia, muscle weakness in speech muscles
AAC Devices	Alternative communication support	Communication boards, speech-generating devices	Severe speech impairments

By combining traditional exercises with innovative approaches, therapy effectively supports older adults' communication and swallowing needs. Regular follow-up ensures sustained progress and maximizes quality of life.

Benefits and Effectiveness of Speech Therapy in the Elderly

What are the benefits and effectiveness of speech therapy in improving communication in elderly individuals?

Speech therapy provides many advantages for older adults, helping to improve their ability to speak, understand, and swallow effectively. It plays a crucial role in enhancing overall quality of life by promoting better communication, which is fundamental to social interaction and emotional well-being.

By addressing conditions such as aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, and dysphagia, speech therapists tailor interventions to individual needs. These therapies often focus on creating new neural pathways through targeted exercises or developing strategies to compensate for deficits. For example, techniques like vocal exercises strengthen the vocal cords, while speech and language exercises help rebuild language skills.

The benefits extend beyond speech alone. Improved swallowing safety reduces the risk of choking and pneumonia, especially important for seniors with neurological impairments or after surgeries. These interventions help increase independence in daily activities like eating, speaking, and socializing.

In addition to physical improvements, speech therapy combats frustration and social isolation. When seniors communicate more effectively, they experience greater confidence and are more likely to participate in conversations, join social groups, and maintain relationships.

Therapists may incorporate assistive devices, such as communication boards or speech-generating devices, to support those with severe speech impairments. Recent advancements include telepractice options, enabling remote therapy sessions that increase access for seniors with mobility or transportation challenges.

Overall, speech therapy is a highly effective intervention that can significantly boost communication skills, safety, and independence in elderly individuals. Its personalized approaches ensure that individuals receive the necessary support to maximize their functional abilities and lead more engaged, connected lives.

Condition Addressed	Therapy Focus	Typical Techniques	Expected Outcomes
Aphasia	Language rebuilding	Repetition exercises, visual aids	Improved sentence construction, word retrieval
Dysarthria	Speech clarity	Articulation exercises, muscle strengthening	Clearer speech, increased confidence
Apraxia	Motor planning of speech	Repetition, learned sequences	Better speech motor coordination
Dysphagia	Safe swallowing	Swallowing exercises, diet modifications	Reduced choking risk, safer eating
Cognitive Disorders	Memory and comprehension	Cognitive activities, memory strategies	Enhanced understanding and recall

The sum of evidence and clinical experience shows that personalized, consistent speech therapy can bring about meaningful improvements, often maintained with ongoing practice and support.

The Role of Speech-Language Pathologists in Senior Care

What roles do speech pathologists play in providing therapy for seniors with speech and language deficits?

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are essential healthcare providers who help seniors improve their communication and swallowing abilities. They begin by conducting comprehensive assessments to understand each individual's unique challenges. Based on these evaluations, they develop personalized treatment plans tailored to address specific issues such as aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, cognitive-communication disorders, and swallowing difficulties like dysphagia.

SLPs employ a variety of exercises, strategies, and therapeutic techniques to enhance speech clarity, language comprehension, and safe swallowing practices. These interventions might include vocal exercises to strengthen vocal cords, muscle training, speech modeling, and alternative communication tools when necessary.

Addressing speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing issues

Therapies provided by SLPs focus on multiple areas.

• Speech Clarity: Articulation exercises, voice strengthening, breathing techniques, and techniques like LSVT LOUD help improve vocal quality.
• Language Skills: Activities to name objects, form sentences, and use language accurately, including visual and auditory cues.
• Cognitive Functions: Memory enhancement, attention, problem-solving, and executive function training support cognitive-communication skills.
• Swallowing Safety: Exercises such as the Mendelsohn maneuver and dietary adjustments help strengthen muscles involved in swallowing and prevent choking.

SLPs continuously adapt therapy protocols to maintain progress and cope with the progressive nature of some neurological conditions.

Collaborating with families and interdisciplinary teams

Successful therapy relies on collaboration. SLPs work closely with family members to educate about communication strategies and techniques to support ongoing practice at home. They also coordinate with physicians, nurses, dietitians, occupational therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure a holistic approach to the senior's care.

This teamwork enables comprehensive management, covering medical, emotional, and functional aspects to optimize recovery and quality of life.

Educating caregivers and staff

An important role of SLPs involves training caregivers and healthcare staff on effective communication methods and safe swallowing practices. They teach techniques such as gentle prompting, cueing strategies, and use of augmentative and alternative communication devices. Staff education ensures that the senior’s needs are consistently met across different settings.

Supporting independence and safety

Ultimately, the goal of speech therapy for seniors is to foster independence in daily activities, improve social participation, and safeguard health. Restoring communication skills boosts confidence, reduces frustration, and enhances social interactions. Improving swallowing safety minimizes risks of aspiration pneumonia and nutritional deficits.

SLPs’ interventions help seniors remain active participants in their communities, maintain relationships, and enjoy a higher quality of life. Their dedicated effort underscores the importance of specialized care in managing age-related communication and swallowing challenges.

Aspect	Focus Area	Techniques & Strategies	Additional Notes
Assessment	Evaluating speech, language, cognition, swallowing	Standardized tests, observational analysis	Tailors personalized plans
Therapy	Improving speech clarity, language, cognition, swallowing	Vocal exercises, cognitive tasks, food consistency modifications	Critical for maintaining independence
Collaboration	Family, healthcare team	Training, joint planning, regular communication	Ensures consistency and comprehensiveness
Education	Caregivers, staff	Communication methods, safety procedures	Empowers support systems
Goals	Enhance communication, safety, independence	Functional exercises, community involvement	Maximizes quality of life

/Role and impact of speech-language pathologists in geriatric communication therapy/

Common Approaches and Exercises in Speech Therapy for Seniors

What are some common approaches and exercises used in speech therapy for elderly individuals?

Speech therapy for seniors employs a variety of targeted exercises and methods designed to enhance communication, swallowing, and overall speech function. Certified speech-language pathologists (SLPs) develop personalized treatment plans focusing on the specific needs of each individual, especially those dealing with neurological conditions like stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or dementia.

To improve vocal strength and clarity, vocal exercises such as pitch glides, sustained vowels, and maximum phonation time (MPT) are commonly used. These activities help maintain vocal cord elasticity and reduce deterioration. Articulation exercises, including repetitive practice of consonant and vowel sounds, are vital for improving speech clarity. Techniques like lip puckering, tongue movements, and slow, deliberate speech help retrain motor pathways involved in speech production.

Speech therapy tools and activities target different aspects of communication. These include reading aloud with visual cues, using mirrors for self-monitoring of mouth movements, and employing speech apps designed to stimulate language skills through interactive exercises. Singing therapy, such as Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT), encourages melodic speech patterns to facilitate communication, especially for individuals with aphasia.

Memory aids and alternative communication methods are integral in helping seniors maintain effective communication. These range from simple mnemonic strategies to the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices like speech-generating tablets or communication boards.

Targeted exercises extend beyond speech production to include physical movements that support clearer speech. For example, exercises aimed at improving tongue mobility and lip puckering contribute significantly to speech intelligibility. Breathing exercises and postural techniques also support voice projection and sound quality.

Activities like mirror practice enable seniors to observe and correct their mouth movements, fostering better articulation. Speech therapy apps provide engaging platforms for practicing speech and language tasks in a convenient, accessible manner.

Overall, these diverse approaches—ranging from physical exercises to technological tools—are employed to improve speech clarity, language comprehension, swallowing safety, and social interaction. They are especially beneficial for seniors recovering from neurological events, living with progressive neurological diseases, or experiencing age-related communication decline.

Approach/Exercise	Purpose	Techniques & Tools	Typical Use Cases
Vocal exercises	Strengthen vocal cords, improve vocal quality	Pitch glides, sustained vowels, MPT, LSVT LOUD	Voice disorders, Parkinson’s, aging voice issues
Articulation training	Clarify speech sounds	Lip puckering, tongue movements, slow repetition	Aphasia, dysarthria, speech clarity issues
Phonological training	Enhance sound processing and production	Consonant/vowel pairing, phoneme discrimination	Speech sound disorders, cognitive-linguistic deficits
Speech apps & devices	Engage and reinforce speech skills	Interactive exercises, AAC devices	Moderate to severe speech impairments, communication overload
Singing therapy	Facilitate language through melody	Melodic intonation, singing exercises	WAFA, aphasia, motivation enhancement
Mirror practice	Self-monitoring of speech movements	Mouth movement observation	Articulation in early therapy phases
Memory and language aids	Support cognitive-communication	Mnemonics, visual aids, communication boards	Dementia, mild cognitive impairment
Breathing & postural exercises	Support voice projection & speech clarity	Diaphragmatic breathing, postural alignment	Dysarthria, vocal fatigue

In summary, speech therapy for seniors encompasses a broad spectrum of approaches, each aimed at improving different facets of communication. By combining physical exercises, technological tools, and innovative strategies, therapy aims to help elderly individuals communicate more effectively, safely, and confidently.

Search Query for Further Study: Common speech and language therapy exercises for elderly patients

Evidence-Based Interventions for Neurodegenerative Conditions like Primary Progressive Aphasia

What are some evidence-based speech and language interventions suitable for seniors with neurological conditions like primary progressive aphasia?

For seniors dealing with neurodegenerative diseases such as primary progressive aphasia (PPA), speech-language pathology offers targeted strategies to maintain and enhance communication skills. These interventions are carefully tailored to each individual’s unique needs, goals, and disease progression.

One of the core approaches involves targeted exercises focused on specific language deficits. These may include activities to improve naming ability, sentence production, and speech motor planning, which are often affected in PPA. For example, exercises may involve repeating sounds, practiced word retrieval, or structured sentence-building tasks designed to reinforce language pathways.

In addition to direct speech exercises, compensatory strategies are crucial. Seniors learn to use gestures, facial cues, written cues, or communication devices when verbal speech becomes challenging. Tools like communication boards or speech-generating devices can provide alternative ways to share thoughts effectively.

Cognitive-communication therapy plays a vital role in supporting memory, attention, and executive functions that impact language use and overall communication. These therapies often involve exercises to reinforce memory recall, problem-solving, and planning, sometimes integrated with computer-based training programs for greater engagement.

Group therapy sessions are another effective element, allowing seniors to practice communication in social settings, promote peer support, and learn from others with similar challenges. Home programs, including exercises and strategies personalized to the individual, help reinforce therapy gains and facilitate ongoing practice outside clinical settings.

Technology-assisted interventions, such as computer-based language training and mobile applications, offer flexible and accessible options for continuous practice. These tools often incorporate gamified elements to motivate usage and track progress.

When swallowing difficulties are present, related interventions such as muscle strengthening exercises, diet modifications, or techniques like the Mendelsohn maneuver are incorporated to ensure safety and efficiency in swallowing.

Overall, goal-directed, multilingual, and multimodal treatments are designed not only to preserve communication but also to support safety, independence, and quality of life. regular monitoring and adjusting therapies based on disease progression and response are essential, ensuring that interventions remain relevant and effective throughout the condition’s course.

Post-Treatment Practice and Continuing Support

How important is ongoing practice after speech therapy?

For seniors who undergo speech therapy, continuing practice exercises at home or in community settings is vital for maintaining and enhancing the gains made during treatment. These exercises include vocal strengthening routines, speech articulation drills, and cognitive-communication activities tailored to individual needs. Regular practice helps reinforce neural pathways, prevent regression, and facilitate long-term improvement.

What kinds of assistive devices can support ongoing communication?

Assistive communication devices play a crucial role in helping seniors maintain effective interactions after formal therapy sessions. These include communication boards, speech-generating devices, and simple tools like picture cards or electronic tablets with specialized apps. Such aids are especially beneficial for those with severe speech or language impairments, providing alternative means of expression and reducing frustration.

How should seniors continue strategies learned during therapy?

Post-therapy, seniors are encouraged to integrate learned strategies into daily routines. Techniques like controlled breathing for voice support, use of gestures or visual cues, or implementing compensatory speech techniques should become habitual. Speech-language pathologists often provide training and resources to help seniors and their families develop routines that promote ongoing use of these strategies.

Why is monitoring progress and adjusting plans important?

Continuous monitoring of speech and language progress ensures that therapy remains effective and responsive to the evolving needs of seniors. Regular follow-up assessments allow therapists to identify any regression or new challenges, enabling timely adjustments in therapy techniques or goals. This dynamic approach increases the likelihood of sustained benefits and prevents unnecessary setbacks.

How can family and caregivers contribute to ongoing support?

Family members and caregivers are integral to maintaining speech and language improvements. They can support practicing exercises, reinforce strategies, and provide encouragement. Educating caregivers about communication techniques, such as using simple language, giving ample response time, and employing visual aids, helps create a supportive environment that fosters confidence and social participation.

Aspect	Strategies	Supporting Details
Practice exercises	Daily vocal and speech drills	Reinforce neural pathways, sustain muscle strength
Assistive devices	Communication aids	Use picture boards, speech-generating tech, or apps
Continued strategy use	Routine integration	Use breathing, gestures, and visual cues daily
Monitoring progress	Scheduled assessments	Adjust plans based on evolving needs
Family involvement	Education & encouragement	Support practice, create a conducive environment

Ongoing support and regular exercises significantly influence the long-term success of speech therapy. Through collaborative efforts involving seniors, families, and healthcare providers, maintaining communication skills and safety becomes a shared goal, enhancing quality of life and independence.

Conclusion: Improving Life Quality Through Effective Speech-Language Therapy

Restoring Communication Skills

Speech-language therapy plays a vital role in helping seniors regain and improve their ability to communicate effectively. Through targeted exercises and strategies, seniors can work on articulating words clearly, understanding language, and expressing themselves confidently. Techniques like articulation exercises, vocal strengthening, and cognitive-linguistic activities address specific issues such as aphasia, apraxia, voice disorders, and cognitive-communication problems, restoring their capacity to connect with loved ones and participate actively in social settings.

Increasing Independence and Social Participation

Enhanced communication skills naturally lead to greater independence. Seniors who improve their speech and language abilities can navigate daily activities more easily, participate in community events, and maintain meaningful relationships. Speech therapy often includes social communication exercises and group activities that foster peer support and social engagement, reducing feelings of isolation.

Enhancing Safety and Confidence

Addressing swallowing disorders (dysphagia) through specialized exercises adds a layer of safety, reducing the risk of choking and aspiration pneumonia. Simultaneously, improving voice and speech clarity boosts self-esteem and confidence, encouraging seniors to speak more openly without fear of embarrassment. This positive reinforcement supports ongoing participation in social activities and encourages a more active, fulfilling lifestyle.

Personalized Treatment Plans

Every senior receives a tailored therapy approach based on thorough assessments by Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs). These plans consider the individual’s specific conditions, goals, and preferences. Techniques may include voice therapy like LSVT LOUD, cognitive-communication strategies, swallowing exercises, and use of assistive devices when appropriate. Continual monitoring and adjustments ensure that therapy remains aligned with the evolving needs and progress of each individual.

Collaborative Healthcare Approach

Effective speech therapy involves collaboration among a multidisciplinary team, including physicians, audiologists, dietitians, and caregivers. Education on communication strategies, safety precautions, and home exercises encourages consistent practice and reinforces progress outside clinical settings. This team effort ensures a comprehensive approach, maximizing the benefits of therapy and maintaining improvements over the long term.

Aspect	Techniques	Benefits	Considerations
Speech clarity	Articulation exercises, vocal training, breathing techniques	Improved speech intelligibility, confidence	Tolerance to exercises, progression pace
Cognitive skills	Memory activities, problem-solving, attention training	Better comprehension, daily functioning	Adaptability to severity of cognitive decline
Swallowing safety	Postural adjustments, diet modifications, muscle exercises	Reduced choking risk, safer eating	Monitoring for aspiration, dietary needs
Social communication	Group therapy, pragmatic language exercises	Increased social participation	Encouragement to practice regularly

Overall, speech therapy not only addresses specific disorders but also significantly enhances seniors’ overall quality of life. By restoring communication, supporting independence, and fostering confidence, these interventions help older adults experience more meaningful interactions and greater safety, leading to healthier, more engaged living.

Empowering Seniors for Better Communication and Independence

The journey to improved communication for seniors with speech and language deficits involves a multidisciplinary, personalized approach, including advanced therapy techniques, ongoing practice, and support from dedicated professionals. Speech-language pathologists play a crucial role in diagnosing, treating, and adapting strategies to meet evolving needs. With tailored interventions, seniors can regain confidence, maintain independence, and enrich their social interactions, ultimately leading to a higher quality of life. At the heart of these efforts lies a commitment to patient-centered care that respects individual goals and promotes lifelong engagement in meaningful communication.

References

• Speech Therapy: What It Is and How It Helps Seniors
• Speech Therapy for the Elderly
• Cognitive Intervention Strategies Directed to Speech and ...
• Speech Therapy - How it Can Help Older Adults
• More Than Words: The Role of Speech Therapy in Senior ...
• Common Speech Disorders and How Speech Therapy ...
• A Guide to Speech Therapy for Seniors in Florida
• Speech Therapy Interventions for Voice Disorders in Aged ...
• Speech Therapy - How it Can Help Older Adults